But some
teams need to coordinate quickly. A soccer team does so in response to the
other team. An emergency unit team does so in response to the patient
condition. Even teams that rehearse in advance to gain perfect execution may need
coordination to avoid small mistakes accumulating and getting out of hand. A
concert performance by a band, orchestra, or choir would be an example of this.
A planned surgical operation or construction of a building is another. Thanks
to research by John Paul Stephens published in Administrative Science Quarterly, we now know more about how such coordination is done. He studied a
special kind of large team: a choir performing classical music.
The
starting point is that each member of the team is heedful of the others,
especially those nearby. They adjust to others’ pitch, volume, and tempo, and they
influence others as well, helping them pick the right pitch, volume, and tempo.
When a team comes together, these mutual influences and members’ knowledge of
the ideal output mean that their efforts are in sync, and their emotions are
too.
Emotions
matter greatly for quick coordination because they adjust what happens when the
team is falling apart. And any kind of quick coordination could lead to a team
falling apart, with each member being anxious about their part of the task
performance or upset about others appearing to do their part incorrectly. The
feeling of being out of sync triggers adjustments, because each member will pay
special attention to any and all cues that can improve the performance. They
use their knowledge of the output, their knowledge of the skill set and current
output of each other member, and their knowledge of their own skill set and
current output. Once the team knows they are no longer in sync, there is mutual
effort to recover.
This is
where leadership counts the most. For a chorus, the conductor is always up
front directing, but this person is actually not so important if they have
rehearsed well and are in sync. If their performance is falling apart, however,
increasing the attention to the conductor is a major cue that helps recovery.
One sign of greatness in a conductor is exactly this ability to put a
performance back in sync, to reunite the team. Much of a conductor’s leadership
occurs when composing the performance through the variations rehearsed in
practice sessions, but an essential part of such leadership emerges when recovery
is needed during a concert.
The same
process is found in more extreme versions in smaller teams with distributed
leadership, such as those that combine different forms of specialists who
engage in a single production. To continue with the musical performance
comparison, a string ensemble has first and second violin (and sometimes more),
viola, cello, and sometimes bass too. There is no conductor. Instead, a team
like this has skilled members who each knows their specialty and the ideal final performance. The team usually comes
together in sync during a performance, but when they fall apart, they turn
their attention to their leader—the first violinist, who sits front and center and is easily visible by all ensemble members.
True
leadership emerges when teams need to reunite.
Stephens, J. P. 2020. How the Show Goes On: Using the Aesthetic Experience of Collective Performance to Adapt while Coordinating. Administrative Science Quarterly, forthcoming.
